EROSION ON FOREST LAND
INTRODUCTION
Humans live and thrive from generation to generation, the growing of human life then the more need of food that must be satisfied by the man himself.
Human development and state of land to produce food that is in a state that is not balanced, which means the situation is still the land factor is the human factor will always increase. The situation is not balanced, the more unbalanced again because of the acts and human treatments themselves.
We have had many productive land that are threatened with extinction because of human negligence, the danger of erosion that lately a lot happening in our country has reduced soil productivity. Erosion hazard affecting agricultural lands and the population often occur in lands that have slopes of more than 15%. The danger is posed in addition to the man's actions are too concerned with the needs of self-gratification, also due to soil management and irrigation are wrong.
Since the number of forest damage caused by deforestation, forest fires, forest conversion to plantations, agriculture, transmigration, forest encroachment, and shifting cultivation system that can cause damage to the soil. One of the damage to the soil can cause erosion. The cause of erosion one of them is to change the logging of forests into agricultural land (fields). With the limited agricultural land in the area of agricultural land causing the people who live around forest areas take advantage of some of the forest area into land fields as economic activity. and deforestation can cause erosion.
Land degradation is a major factor in the amount of erosion in a watershed ecosystem (DAS) that can interfere with the supply / availability of water for drinking water and water to support domestic activities, Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP), agriculture, industry, etc. Damage to land and forest resources has long been happening, because the state only think about the economic benefits alone, making it a source of foreign exchange. The more so when environmental management delegated to the provincial / district / city, began in 2007. However, these benefits must be redeemed expensive, with the occurrence of damage to land and forest resources. Millions of hectares of critical land formed by the utilization of resources less attention to sustainability. The high deforestation rate in Indonesia has led to the emergence of millions of hectares of critical land and make erosion, This is due to not having slope slightly oblique, and low rainfall, and soil type is resistant to erosion (renzina).
ISSUE ( PROBLEM )
- Why erosion on forest land can happen?
- How erosion on forest land affect natural ecosystems ?
- How does the impact of erosion on human life ?
- How much land damaged by erosion based on a survey of government?
- how to prevent erosion on forest land for erosion does not occur?
DISCUSSION
Erosion is the erosion events solids (sediment, soil, rocks, and other particles) due to wind transport, water or ice, rainfall characteristics, soil creep and other materials under the influence of gravity, or by living things like animals make burrows.
Other than that, erosion on forest land can happen because human activity in poor land use, deforestation, mining, plantations and fields, construction / development that is not well ordered and road construction. Land used to produce agricultural crops typically have a much greater erosion of the soil with natural vegetation. The transformation of forests into agricultural fields to increase erosion, because the structure of forest plant strong roots bind the soil was replaced with agricultural crops root structure weaker.
Elsewhere, erosion causes loss of fertile topsoil and reduced the ability of soil to absorb and hold water. The land that was precipitated transported elsewhere ie, in rivers, reservoirs, lakes, irrigation canals and on farm land.
This is an erosion factors on forest land :
1. Bare soil or no crop.
2. Sloping land is not made terraces and guludan as water and soil buffer that is straight.
3. Land is not created as a retaining dike erosion partner.
4. On the ground in the forest area damaged by felled trees illegally so that the forest becomes bare.
5. On a muddy surface of the soil used to pengembalaan wild so that the soil above the damaged.
Nevertheless, In general, the factors which will cause erosion is climate, vegetation, function, Topography, Land, and Human. At this time the most influencing factor is the human. Because humans tend to be large existing destructive and do not fix it again,
such as cutting trees on a large scale in the forest are examples of factors which influence the occurrence of erosion and adverse effects on nature and humans. Humans can prevent and accelerated erosion, depending on how humans mengelolahnya. Men that determines whether the resulting soil will break down and not productive or be good and productive in a sustainable manner. many factors that determine whether people will maintain and care and seek their land wisely so that the better and can provide enough income for an indefinite period.
Erosion on forest land give affect for natural ecosystems, caused
With the erosion of forest land has occurred, then the natural ecosystem is no longer in balance again due to the destruction of land that serves as the adaptable animal. thus there are also communities in disturbed forest over time and eventually no longer exist anymore ecosystem there. facts on the ground indicate that habitat degradation has implications for the decline in diversity of ecosystems, species, and genetic trends show an increasingly alarming. These activities damage the land and forests (peat) in various regions in Indonesia are not only limited to the loss of biodiversity and natural resources around them, but also causes loss of forest function as storage and carbon sequestration, as water catchment areas are able to prevent flooding in surrounding areas during the rainy season and prevent instrusi salt water in the dry season. Observing this fact, the rescue of plants native to Indonesia became a necessity and should spur us to prevent the extinction of plants as a priceless asset for capital development and future of the nation. You see, biodiversity is one of the main pillars of national development and strategic capital in improving the independence and competitiveness of the nation.
Erosion have a major impact to human life that is affected by natural disasters is very harmful to human life due to erosion that occurred on forest land has been deforested, Mulch (Humus) have an important role to cope with erosion, due to the presence of a layer of ground cover, the collision points of the rain will not reach the surface of soil aggregates. So with a layer of mulch on the soil surface, the collision points that the rain held up by it will reduce the destruction of aggregates and granules terangkutnya soil (erosion). As a result of Erosion in the forest also happens to raises his unexpected natural Disasters Such as floods, and landslides.How to prevent erosion on forest land is not indiscriminate felling of trees and preserve existing trees in the forest. Damage to forests also have an impact on health. The impact of erosion is the depletion of the surface layer of topsoil, which will cause menurunnnya land capability (land degradation). Other consequences of soil erosion is undermining their ability to soak water (infiltration). The reduction of the land water soak into the soil layer will increase surface water runoff that would result in flooding and landslides that can kill people and cause many casualties.
Head of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Umar Jenie Anggara revealed, forest condition in Indonesia is alarming because it destroyed 1.8 million hectares of forest per year. The data is based on observations from 2002 to 2005. This means that the level of forest destruction to reach two percent per year, equivalent to 51 square kilometers per day, "he said.
With the 1.8 percent level of damage, the Guinness Book of Records 2008 edition noted Indonesia as a country where forests were damaged most rapidly among 44 countries that still have forest. The high deforestation rate in Indonesia has led to the emergence of millions of hectares of critical land, estimated at 77 million hectares, which was in the forest and outside forest area. Critical forest land and who have very severe and extensive damage was in the province of East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and Riau Province. Damage to forest and land occur everywhere, from Aceh to Papua. In Papua, for example, reduction of forest area has about 3.5 million hectares of the approximately 31.56 million hectares in the decade of the 1960s up to to 28 million hectares today. " The reduction of forest area in Papua as a result of the increasing development activities and forest management, due to splitting of districts," said Head of the Forestry Service of Papua Province, Marten Kayoi.
Approximately seven newly formed districts in Papua province in the central mountains, all situated in the administrative area of protected forest areas in the Lorentz National Park and National Park Memberamo. Even in Java and Bali, approximately 91 percent of natural forests that ever existed has now turned destroyed and switch functions for the purposes of agriculture, transportation, farming, housing and so forth. only that amount of forest land available, and therefore very important to maintain the forest in addition we have to preserve our natural ecosystems and animals are also keeping animals in it are protected and the ecosystems and communities also remain balanced.
How to prevent erosion on forest land for erosion does not occur, that’s very easy that is by keeping trees from illegal logging. following the method normally used is :
1. Use of plant or plants and their remnants to reduce the number and force of rain that falls.
2. For mechanical physical treatment given to the land and building construction to reduce
runoff and erosion, and improving the ability to use land.
3. Use synthetic or natural chemical preparations. Preparations are called Soil
conditioner or pemantap soil structure. As the name implies Soil Conditioner is used
to form a stable soil structure. Compounds that are formed will cause the soil to be
stabilized.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Erosion on forest land is deforested due to forest due to illegal logging or forest fire, and this is caused by human activities to meet their needs for survival.
and local governments are also less strengthen laws and regulations. therefore require more stringent supervision of the forest again, so citizens are not indiscriminate tree felling and illegal logging did not happen that caused the disaster caused by erosion in advance due to the absence of forests and trees again. as prevention of harm to all creatures including human beings hidupdisekitar forest, other than that living in the forest must also be conserved because they also play an important role for us.
As a result of Erosion in the forest also happens to raises his unexpected natural Disasters Such as floods, and landslides.How to prevent erosion on forest land is not indiscriminate felling of trees and preserve existing trees in the forest. Thus comunity and ecosystems in forests will not be disturbed and damaged. Some of the factors leading to soil erosion on forest land is This is due to not having slope slightly oblique as much as 22%, and low rainfall, and soil type is resistant to erosion (renzina). As for how to how that can be taken to restore ecosystems that have been damaged by the erosion of forest land is, the government is obliged to close the land has been vacant for a while and replant trees that have been discharged in lieu of new vegetation.
Other than on soil conservation also are needed to prevent erosion on forest land. several steps have been tried and a method of erosion control such as by vegetative methods, mechanical methods and chemical methods. There are three methods among :
- Vegetative Methods
Is the use of plant or plants and their remnants to reduce the number and force of rain
that falls.
- Mechanical Methods
It is all mechanical physical treatment given to the land and building construction to
reduce runoff and erosion, and improving the ability to use land.
- Chemical Methods
Is to use synthetic or natural chemical preparations. Preparations are called Soil
Conditioner or pemantap soil structure. As the name implies Soil Conditioner is used
to form a stable soil structure. Compounds that are formed will cause the soil to be
stabilized.
REFERENCES
Arsyad, Sitanala. 1989. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Bogor : Institut Pertanian Bogor
Asdak, Chay. 1995. Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. Yogyakarta : UGM
Press
Rahim, Sufli Efendi. 2000. Pengendalian Erosi Tanah Dalam Rangka Pelestarian
Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara.
Young, A. 1976. Tropical soils and soil survey. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Yurnaldi. 2010. Lahan dan Hutan Kritis. Jakarta : Kompas
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